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Bachelor of Design (Honours) of Creative Media
Typography
Task 1 Exercise
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Lectures
Week1( Introduction & E-portfolio )
Typo_0_Introdution
Typography is like the design of words and sentences, making sure they
are easy to read and beautiful to look at. The important thing is to
arrange them just right so that they can effortlessly understand what
they are reading, and even enjoy reading more directly.
-The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point size, line
length, line-spacing (leading), letter-spacing (tracking), and adjusting
the space within letters pairs (kerning).
-Font~refers to the individual font or weight within the
typeface
-Example~Georgia Regular,Georgia Italic and Georgia Bold
-Typeface~The entire family of fonts/weight that share similar
characteristics/styles
-Example ~Georgia,Arial,Times New Roman , Didot and Futura
( Development / Timeline )
Typo_1_Development
1.Early letterform development : Phoenician to Roman
-At their core, uppercase forms are simple combination of straight lines
and pieces of circles, as the materials and tools of early writing
required.
Right 4"century B.C.E.-Phoenicians votive stele Carthage,Tunisia. The
stele bears a four-line inscription to Tanit and Baal
Hammon.
Lelt: Evolution from Phoenician letter
Writing Directions :
-Phoenicians : Right to Left .
-The Greeks : From Right to Left and Left to Right .
Fig.1.4 Greek fragment,stone engraving
-Late 1st century B.C.E., Augustan inscription in the Roman Forum, Rome.
-Early letterform development~Phoenician to Roman
2. Hand script from 3rd-10th century C.E.
-Square capitals have serifs added to the finish of the main strokes.The
variety of stroke width was achieved by the reed pen held at an angle of
approximately 60° off the perpendicular.
4th or 5th century:Square Capitals
-Rustic capitals allowed for twice as many words on a sheet of
parchment hand took far less time to write. The pen or brush was
held at an angle of approximately 30° off the perpendicular.
Later 3rd-mid 4th century:Rustic capitals
-Everyday transactions, however were typically written in
cursive hand in which forms were simplified for speed. We can see here
the beginning of what we refer to as lowercase letterforms.
4th century:Ronan cursive
-"Uncia" is Latin for a twelfth of anything.It might, however,
be more accurate to think of uncials simply as small letters.The broad
forms of uncials are more readable at small sizes than rustic
capitals.
4th-5th century :Uncials
-Half-uncials mark the formal beginning of
lowercase letterforms.
C.500:Half-uncials
-Charlemagne entrusted standardize all ecclesiastical texts to Alcuin of
York, Abbot of St Martin of Tours.The monks rewrote the texts using both
majuscules (uppercase), miniscule, capitalization and punctuation which
set the standard for calligraphy for a century.
C.925: Caloline miniscule
3. Blackletter to Gutenberg's type
-Blackletter or textura
C.1300:Blackletter(Textura)
-Blackletter to Gutenberg's type
c.1455:42 line bible, Johann Gutenberg,Mainz.
Timeline
Humanist script to roman type
-c.1460: Lucius Lactantius, Venice.
-1472: Cardinal Jonannes Bessarion, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz,
Subiaco press, Rome.
-1471: Quintillian, Nicholas Jenson, Venice.
-Venetian type from 1500
-1499: Colona,type by Farncesco Griffo
-1515: Lucretius,type by Francesco Grifo
-The Golden Age of French printing
-1531: Illustrissimae Galliaru reginae Helianorae, printed by Robert
Estianne, Paris. Type-cast by Claude Garamond
Dutch printing,c.1600
-1572: Polygot Bible (Preface). Printed by Christophe Plantin, Antwerp
-English type from the eighteen century
-1734: William Caslon. Type specimen sheet, London.
-Baskerville's innovations
-1761: William Congreve, typeset and printed by John Baskerville,
Birmingham.
-1818 Giambatista Bodoni, Manuale Tipografico,Parma.
-19th century types→ The first square serifs→Early twentieth-century sans
serif (1923 Bauhaus, Moholy-Nagy, 1959 Muller-Brockman) ..
4. Text Type Development
1450 Blacklette-1475 Oldstyle- 1500 Italic- 1550 Script-1750 Transitional- 1775 Modern-1825 Square Serif/Slab Serif-1900 Sans Serif-1900 Serif/Sans Serif
Week2Text / Tracking : Kerning and Letterspacing
Typo_3_Text_P1
1.Tracking:
Kerning & Letterspacing
Fig.2.1 Kerning and letterspacing
-Kerning:The automatic adjustment of space between letters.
- Letterspacing:To add space between the letters.
-Tracking:The addition and removal of space in a word or
sentence.
Fl g. 2.2 Normal tracking, tight tracking and loose tracking
-Uppercase letterforms are drawn to be able to stand to on their own,
whereas lowercase letterforms require the counterform created between
letters maintain the line of reading.
Fl g. 2.3
Counterform
2.Formatting Text
-Flush left~ is most closely mirrors the
asymmetrical experience of handwriting .Each line starts at the same
point but ends wherever the last word on the line ends. Spaces between
words are consistent throughout the text ,allowing the type to create an
even gray value.
Fl g.2.4.Flush left
- Centered ~imposes symmetry , assigning equal value and
weight to both ends of any line.It transforms fields of text into
shapes, thereby adding pictorial quality to material that is
non-pictorial by nature. It type creates such a strong shape on the page, it's important to amend line breaks so that
the text does not appear too jagged.
Fl g.2.5.Centered
- Flush right~ places emphasis on the end of a line as
opposed to its start. It can be useful in situations(like captions)
where the relationship between text and image might be ambiguous without
a strong orientation to the right.
Fl g.2.6.Flush right
- Justified ~imposes a symmetrical shape on the text.It is
achieved by expanding or reducing spaces between words and letters.The
resulting openness of lines can occasionally produce 'rivers' of white
space running vertically through the text. Careful attention to line
breaks and hyphenation is required to amend this problem whenever
possible.
Fl g.2.7.Justified
3.Texture
Fi g.2.8.Anatomy of a typeface
Fi g.2.9.Different typefaces
Fi.g.2.10.Sans-serif typefaces in comparison
4.Leading and Line Length
-type size ~Text type should be large enough to be read
easily at arms length--imagine yourself holding a book in your
lap.
-Leading~ Text that is set too tightly
encourages vertical eye movement; a reader can easily loose his or her
place. Type that is set too loosely creates striped patterns that
distract the reader from the material at hand.
-Line Length~Appropriate leading for text is as much a function
of the line length as it is a question of type size and leading.Shorter
lines require less leading; longer lines more. A good rule of thumb is
to keep line length between 55-65 characters.Extremely long or short
lines lengths impairs reading.
5.Type Specimen Book
(A type specimen book is to provide an accurate reference for
type ,type size, type leading, type line length etc.)
Fi g.2.11.Sample Type Specimen Sheet
Week3
Typo_4_Text_P2
1.Indicating Paragraphs
-pilcrow~a holdover from medieval manuscripts
seldom use today.
Fig.3.1.Pilcrow
-Line space (leading)~between each line of text. If the line space is 12pt, then the paragraph space is 12pt.This ensures cross-alignment across columns of text.
Fig. 3. 2 .Line space (leading)
-There is a difference between leading and line spacing. A leading space is the space between two sentences. A line spacing takes into consideration the the descender from one sentence to
the descender of another sentence.
Fig.3.3.Line space vs leading
-Standard Indentation ~is the same size of the line spacing
or the same as the point size of your text.
Fi g. 3. 4 Standard indentation
-Extended paragraphs ~creates unusually wide columns of
text. Despite these problems, there can be strong compositional or
functional reasons for choosing it.
Fi g. 3. 5 Extended paragraph
2. Widows and Orphans
-The unpardonable gaffes in formatting text are windows and
orphans.
-A window is a short line of type left alone at the end of a column of
text. It can be avoided by creating a force line break before or
adjusting the tracking of the line before to let the last word in the
second last line moves down to the last line.
-An orphan is a short line of type left alone at the start of new
column. It could be avoided by adjusting the length of the
column.
Fi g. 3.6 Windows and orphans
3. Highlighting text
-In order to match the X-height of the serif font, the sans serif font
(Universe) has been reduced by a factor of 0.5, to ensure visual
cohesion of the text.
Fi g. 3.7.Blod sans serrif
-Draw a colorful area.
Fi g.3.8 Draw a colorful area.
-Position textual elements (like bullet points)
Fi g. 3. 9. Bullet points
-Quotation marks make a noticeable gap, interrupting the
left-to-right flow of reading.
Fi g. 3.10.Quotation
-When you highlight text by adding a colored background behind it,
making sure the text maintains its left-to-right reading flow is crucial
for readability. Sometimes, to keep a strong reading flow, certain
typographic elements need to be placed outside the left margin of a
column instead of being indented. Quotation marks, just like bullets,
can create a clear indentation that breaks the left-to-right reading
flow. Compare the indented quote at the top with the extended quote at
the bottom.
Fi g. 3.11.Prime and quote
4. Headline within text
-A head
indicates a clear break between the topic within the section,
indicating new body of text with different head line.
Fi g.3.12.Example of A heads
-B head is subordinate to A head, indicating new supporting argument /example
for the topic and does not interrupt the text strongly as A heads
do.
Fi g. 3. 13 Examples of B heads
-C head highlights specific facets of materials within B head text, 2
spacebar (em space) is used for visual separation.
Fi g. 3. 14 Examples of C heads
-A sequence of subheads (hierarchy)
Fi g. 3. 15 Hierarchy in a sequence of subheads
Week 4
Typo_2_ Basic
1. Describing letterforms
-Baseline ~The imaginary line the visual base of the letterforms
-Median ~The imaginary line defining the x-height of letterforms
-X-height ~The height in any typeface of the lowercase 'x'.
Fi g.4.1.point size
-Stroke~ Any line that defines the basic letterform.
Fi g.4.2.Stroke
-Apex / Vertex~ the point created by joining two diagonal
stems. (apex above & vertex below)
Fi g.4.3.Apex/Vertex
-Arm Short ~ strokes off the stem of the letterform, either
horizontal(E,F,L)or inclined upward(K,Y).
Fi g. 4.4.Arm
-Ascender ~the portion of the stem of a lowercase letterform that
projects above the median.
Fi g.4.5. Ascender
-Barb~the half-serif finish on some curved stroke.
Fi g.4.6.Barb
- Beak~the half-serif finish on some horizontal arms.
Fi g. 4.7.Besk
-Bowl~ the rounded form that describes a counter.The bowl may be
either open or closed.
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